As an international well-known network equipment manufacturer, Cisco certification enjoys a certain popularity in the world, among which CCNA and CCNP are the most popular network certification. There are mainly the following:
Cisco Certified Network Association (CCNA)
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)
Cisco Certified Design Association (CCDA)
Cisco certified design professional CCDP
Cisco Certified Internet expert (CCIE)

CCIE certification is the highest one in Cisco certification system, which is more difficult and requires higher qualification.

Go deep into Cisco certification objects
the overall architecture of Cisco after-sales engineer certification system is pyramid shaped. From the bottom of the tower to the top of the tower, it is divided into three layers: CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Support Engineer), CCNP (Cisco Certified Senior Network Support Engineer) and CCIE (Cisco Certified Internet expert), as shown in the figure:

Cisco after-sales engineer certification system has three layers: CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Support Engineer), CCNP (Cisco Certified Senior Network Support Engineer) and CCIE (Cisco Certified Internet expert)
The first floor at the bottom of the tower is CCNA, which is called Cisco Certified Network Support Engineer or Cisco Certified primary networkEngineers, as can be seen from the figure, are the lowest level of Cisco certification. Their learning contents pay more attention to the popularization of basic knowledge of network, and they do not have high requirements for students' basic knowledge of computer specialty. Therefore, their certification and training objects are mainly focused on the following points:

-College students who are about to graduate and want to work in network and communication engineering
-Network and communication professionals with low education background
-Junior technical personnel engaged in network and communication industry (such as network administrators -of small and medium-sized enterprises)

For the second layer, CCNP has gone deep into the high-level network, such as advanced routing, Multilayer exchange these are the key contents of CCNP learning and application. Therefore, there will be corresponding higher requirements for the quality of personnel participating in the certification. First of all, in terms of qualification, the acquisition of CCNP certificate must be based on the CCNA certificate. Before participating in the CCNP certification examination, you must have the CCNA certificate to register, Most of the content in CCNP learning is based on CCNA. That is to say, when learning CCNP, many basic conceptual things (such as VLAN, routing protocol, network structure, etc.) explained in CCNA will be directly applied, However, it will not be introduced.

The authentication objects of CCNP mainly focus on:
1. System integrators and network integrators
2. Large and medium-sized network administrators
3. ISP(Internet service provider)
4. Network designer of large and medium-sized enterprises

CCIE, as the highest level certification in Cisco certification, does not need CCNA, CCNP certificate as the basis, but the technical requirements are very high, because the technology and application of CCIE has penetrated into the core part of the world network, it will not be limited to a small network application. The target groups of certification are mainly focused on
1. Backbone network design and analysts
2. Large scale system and network integrators
3. Cisco gold and silver agents
4. Key technical personnel related to telecom department

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1) What fields does the IEEE Ethernet frame contain (select two)?

A. Source MAC address and destination MAC address

B. source network address and destination network address

C. source MAC address and destination MAC address and source network address and destination network address

D. FCS field

answer: a, d

< 2) which two of the following are the characteristics of half duplex Ethernet compared with full duplex Ethernet?

A. Half duplex Ethernet runs in a shared conflict domain

B. half duplex Ethernet runs in a dedicated conflict domain

C. half duplex Ethernet has higher effective throughput

D. half duplex Ethernet has lower effective throughput

E. half duplex Ethernet runs in a dedicated broadcast domain

answer: A, D

3) what kind of cable should you use to realize a network that is not susceptible to EMI?

A. Thick coaxial cable

B. thin coaxial cable

C.5 UTP cable

D. optical fiber

answer: d

4) can full duplex mode be used for the following three connections?

A. Hub to hub

B. switch to switch

C. host to host

D. switch to hub

E. switch to host

answer: B, C, e

< 5) which RJ45 UTP cable is used between switches?

A. Through cable ﹣ B. cross cable ﹣ C. cross cable with CSU / DSUA router is added to each switch and connected to the router by using cross cables.

answer: B

6) after a conflict occurs, how does the host in the Ethernet LAN know when to start transmission (select two items)?

A. In the CSMA / CD conflict domain, multiple workstations can transmit data at the same time

B. in the CSMA / CD conflict domain, the workstation must log on to the media not occupied before transmitting

C. The CSMA / CD network can be improved by adding a hub

D. after the conflict occurs, the workstation that detects the conflict has priority to retransmit the lost data

E. after the conflict occurs, all workstations are in operation After the backward delay phase, the data transmission priority of all workstations is the same.

F. After the collision, all workstations run the same backoff algorithm, and then synchronize with each other before data transmission

answer: be

7) which type of RJ45 UTP cable should be used when connecting the COM port of PC to the console port of router or switch?

A. Through cable

B. cross cable

C. cross cable with CSU / DSU

D. reverse cable

answer: d

8) what are the decimal and hexadecimal values corresponding to binary value 10110111?

A. 69 / 0x2102

b.183/b7

c.173/a6

d.83/0xc5

answer: B

< 9) which of the following competition mechanisms does Ethernet use?

A token passing?

b.csma/cd

c.csma/ca

D. host polling

answer: B

10) in CSMA / CD, which hosts have priority after the arrival delay calculated by backoff algorithm?

A. All hosts have the same priority. B. the two hosts causing the conflict have the same priority.

C. after the conflict, the host sending the conflict congestion signal has priority. D. the host with the largest MAC address has priority.

answer: a

11) which of the following statements is correct?

A. Full duplex Ethernet uses one pair of wires

B. full duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires

C. half duplex Ethernet uses two teams of wires

D. full duplex Ethernet uses three pairs of wires

answer: B

12) which of the following statements is wrong?

A. No collision in full duplex mode?

B. Each full duplex node must have a dedicated switch port

C. There are few conflicts in full duplex mode

D. the network card and switch port of the host must be able to operate in full duplex mode

answer: C

13) which of the following statements about MAC address is correct?

A. MAC address, also known as logical address, is 48 bits long (6b), which is expressed in hexadecimal format

BMAC address is also called hardware address, 48 bits long (8B), expressed in hexadecimal format

c.mac address is also called hardware address, 48 bits long (6b), expressed in binary format

d.mac address is also called hardware address, 48 bits long (6b), expressed in hexadecimal format

answer: d

14) which part of MAC address is called organization unique identifier (oui) ？

A. First 24 bits (3b)

B. first 12 bits (3b)

C. first 24 bits (6b)

D. first 32 bits (3b)

answer: a

15) which layer of OSI mode is responsible for combining bits into bytes and combining bytes into frames?

A. Representation layer

B. data link layer

C. application layer

D. transmission layer

answer: B

16) which of the following terms represents the unwanted signal interference between adjacent pairs?

A. EMI

b.rfi

C. crosstalk

D. attenuation

answer: C

17) which of the following is part of IEEE 802.3u standard?

A. 100base2

b.10base5

c.100base TX

d.1000base-t

answer: C

18) what kind of IEEE standard is 10GBASE long wavelength?

A.802.3F

B.802.3z

C.802.3ab

D.802.3AE

answer: d

< 19) which of the following IEEE standards is 1000BASE-T?

A. 802.3f

b.802.3z

c.802.3ab

d.802.3ae

answer: C

20) when establishing a HyperTerminal connection, what bit rate must be set to?

A.2400 bit/s

B.1200 bit/s

C.9600 bit/s?

D.6400 Bit / s

answer: C

CCNA examination analysis
In 2020, the new version of CCNA has no professional direction, no matter what the future development of individuals is in the field of enterprise or DC, security or cooperation, now we only need to study one CCNA course and take one certification

New CCNA outline

1. Network foundation

2. routing protocol

3. switching protocol

4.wireless network architecture

5. Network Security Foundation (New)

6.Automation and programmability (New)

New CCNA content
Understand Cisco Wireless Access Solution (New) realize centralized deployment of Cisco Wireless * (New) master network security principles and common security threats protection (New) Master Cisco software defined network access * (New) master network operation and maintenance automation and programmable network * (New)

This is an important direction for the development of Cisco network architecture, and it is also a must for CCIE enterprises.

Source:
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The Path to be CCNA Network Engineer

CCNA single subject test: 200-120 CCNA test is a test related to CCNA routing and switching authentication. Candidates can prepare for this exam by studying two courses: Cisco network device interconnection part 1 (ICND1) version 2.0 and Cisco network device interconnection part 2 (ICND2) version 2.0. This test examines the candidates' knowledge and skills of installation, operation and troubleshooting of a small and medium-sized enterprise branch network. The content includes all the contents of 100-101 ICND1 and 200-101 ICND2.

Examination key points:
The following key points are the outline that may appear in the CCNA single subject examination. However, other relevant points may also appear in an exam. The following syllabus may be changed without prior notice in order to better reflect the examination content and be more transparent.

IP data network operation

Understand the functions of various network devices, such as routers, switches, bridges and hubs.

Learn to select components to meet the requirements of a given network scenario.

Understand the general application software and its impact on the network

Describe the use and basic working mode of protocols in OSI and TCP / IP models.

Forecast the data flow between two hosts in the network.

Identify the appropriate media, cables, ports, and connectors in the LAN to connect Cisco network devices to other network devices or hosts.

LAN Switching Technology

Choose Ethernet technology and media access control mode.

Understand the basic switching concept and Cisco switch operation.

-Conflict domain

- broadcast area

- type of exchange

- cam table

Configure and verify the initial switch configuration, including remote access management.

-Execute the Cisco IOS command of basic switch installation

To verify the network status and use basic applications for switching operations, such as Ping, telnet and SSH.

Describes how VLANs create logically separated networks and the need to route between these logically separated networks.

-Introduce the basic concepts of network segmentation and traffic management

configure and verify VLAN

configure and verify Cisco switch

DTP

automatic negotiation mechanism

IP address management (IPv4 / IPv6)

describe the operation and necessity of using private or public IP address for IPv4 address management.

Identify appropriate IPv6 address framework to meet address management requirements in LAN / WAN environment.

VLSM is used to identify the appropriate IPv4 address management framework and meet the address management requirements in LAN / WAN environment.

Describe the technological requirements for running IPv6 inConnection with IPv4 such as dual stack

describes the technical requirements for running IPv6 with IPv4, such as dual stack protocol.

Describe IPv6 address

- Global unicast

- multicast

- link local

- unique local address

- EUI 64

- automatic configuration

IP routing technology

describe basic routing concepts

- CEF

- packet forwarding

- Routing lookup process

configure and verify the use of CLI to establish basic routing settings

- execute Cisco IOS commands for basic routing installation

configure and verify the running status of Ethernet interface

verify routing configuration and network connectivity

- Master Cisco IOS commands for viewing basic router information and network connectivity

configure and Verify routing configuration for a static or default route given specific routing requirements

configure and verify a static or default route for a given routing requirement.

Distinguish between routing andVarious ways of routing protocol

- static vs dynamic

- connection state vs distance vector

- next hop

- IP routing table

- passive interface

- configuration and verification of OSPF (single area)

- benefits of single area

- configuration of OSPF version 2.0

- configuration of OSPF version 3.0

- Router ID

- passive interface

configure and verify inter route (one armed router)

- sub interface

- upstream router

- encapsulate

configure SVI interface

IP service

configure and verify DHCP (IOS router)

- configure router interface to use DHCP

- DHCP options

- prohibit address assignment

describe the type, characteristics and application of access control list (ACL)

- Standard

serial number

Edit

- extend

- name

- number

- log options

- configure aggregate ACL in network environment

- name

- No.

-Log options

understand the basic operation of network address translation (NAT)

- Usage

- pool

- static

- 1-to-1

- overload

- source address

- one way NAT

configure and verify NAT for given network requirements

configure and verify NTP

Network device security

configure and verify the security features of network devices, such as:

- device password security

- encrypted password vs plaintext password

- transmission

- turn off telnet

- SSH

- vtys

- physical security

- device password

- Describe the external authentication methods

to configure and verify the security characteristics of the switch port, such as

- Sticky secure MAC address

- MAC address restriction

- Static / dynamic

- violation mode

feign death

Close

protection restriction

- close unused port

- port feign death recovery

- Assign unused ports to unused VLANs
0
-Configure intrinsic VLANs to VLANs other than vlan1

configure and verify ACLS to filter network traffic

configure and apply access control lists to restrict telnet and SSH access to routers.

troubleshooting

and correct the general problems related to IP address and host configuration

troubleshooting and solving VLAN problems

- confirm that VLAN is configured

- port is correct

- IP address configuration

troubleshooting and solving the trunking problem on Cisco switch.

-Correct trunk status

- encapsulate correct configuration

- modify allowed VLANs

debug and solve ACL problems

- statistical data

- licensed network

- direction

interface

debug and solve layer 1 problems

- framing

- CRC

- Runts

- giants

- discarded packets

- late collisions

- input / output errors

LAN Switching Technology

understanding advanced switching technology

- RSTP

- pvstp

- Ethernet channel

configure and verify pvstp operation

- describe root bridge selection

- spanning tree mode

IP routing technology

describe Cisco IOS router boot process.

-Post

- router startup process.

Configure and verify serial interface operation status

Manage Cisco IOS files

- boot preference

- Cisco IOS image

- license

display license

change license

different ways to distinguish routing and routing protocol

- manage distance

- Horizontal segmentation

- Measurement

- Next hop

configure and verify OSPF (single area)

- adjacent connection

- OSPF status

- discuss multi area

- configure OSPF V2

- configure OSPF V3

- router ID

- LSA types

configure and verify EIGRP (as number)

next hop- Feasible distance / feasible successor router / management distance

-Feasibility conditions

- Metric combination

- router ID

- Automatic aggregation

- path selection

- load balancing

equal

- passive interface

IP services

- cognitive high availability

- VRRP

- HSRP

- GLBP

configure and verify syslog

- use syslog output

describe SNMP V2 & V3

debug

identify and correct regular network problems

use NetFlow data

debug and solve spanning tree operation problems

- root switch

- priority

- correct mode

- Port status

troubleshooting and routing problem solving

- route on

- correct routing table

- correct path selection

troubleshooting and OSPF problem solving

- adjacent connection

- Hello and dead timer

- OSPF area

- Interface MTU

- network type

- network type
-Adjacency status

- OSPF topology database

troubleshooting and solving EIGRP problems

- adjacency connection

- as number

- load balancing

- Horizontal segmentation

troubleshooting and solving inter routing problems

- connectivity

- encapsulation

- subnet

- Intrinsic VLAN

- port mode relay status

troubleshooting and solving Wan implementation problems

- serial interface

- PPP

- frame relay

monitoring NetFlow data

troubleshooting Ethernet channel problems

WAN technologies

understanding various WAN technologies

- Metro Ethernet

- VSAT

- cellular 3G / 4G

- MPLS

- T1 / E1

- ISDN

- DSL

- frame relay

- Cable

- VPN

configure and verify basic Wan serial connection

configure and verify PPP connection between Cisco routers

Configure and verify the frame relay on Cisco router

implementation and troubleshooting of PPPoE

Reference:
What is the next step after passing your CCNA certification exam · ciscocerts
Is it possible to find a job with just a CCNA and without a CS degree? - start.me

Cisco Learning - What are the job opportunities for CCNA certified - Wattpad

CCNA Routing and Switching | CourseCraft

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SPOTO | ENGINEERING.com

SPOTO, Florida Ridge, FL - Localwise

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